Annotated Bibliography
Alchin, L.K. "Rights of Roman Citizens." Tribunes and Triumphs. Last modified June 16 2011. Accessed December 11, 2013 http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-life/rights-of-roman-citizens.htm , http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/roman-life/twelve-tables.htm
A summary of the rights of Roman citizens, based on the Twelve Tables, an ancient legislation that framed the constitution of Rome. Works well as a source to collaborate details of other sources, but more of an outline, not going into extensive detail. Outlines both the public and private rights of Roman citizens. Roman rights heavily favor men and fathers and lists public rights including the right to vote and pay taxes as well as other areas of civilian rights.
Anderson, Mike. "Mike Anderson's Ancient History Blog." : Roman Republic – Model for the United States. January 25, 2012. Accessed December 12, 2013. http://www.mikeanderson.biz/2012/01/roman-republic-model-for-united-states.html
A summary detailing the similarities and differences between the Roman Republic and the United States’ government, and how the U.S. was based on Rome’s government. Mike Anderson argues that the Founding fathers were attracted to the Roman Republic model because there was no monarch. He discusses why the Founding fathers likely chose Rome above all ancient nations as a basis for their government, instead of choosing one from ancient Greece or elsewhere in the world.
Colonial Williamsburg. "iCitizenForum." Citizenship Timeline. Accessed February 13, 2014. http://icitizenforum.com/citizenship-timeline
Created by Colonial Williamsburg, this timeline of the world’s changes in the ideas of citizenship, economics, and government is an excellent quick way to see how its changed, and it includes major events that lead to important civilizations rising or falling. While not incredibly detailed in certain areas, it is excellent at quickly displaying how citizenship has changed over the centuries, from Ancient Rome to the Industrial Revolution and the modern day.
Coşkun, Altay. "How Generous were the Romans in Granting Citizenship?" UW Arts Lecture Series Cultural Encounters – Encountering Culture. Jan. 25, 2010. Accessed December 10, 2013. http://www.classics.uwaterloo.ca/labyrinth_old/issue%2091/Roman%20Citizenship-1.pdf
A shortened version of a contribution to a series of lectures, this one by Associate Professor Altay Coskun. It details the Roman ideas of how citizens were created and how they apply to modern times. Altay describes the situation in the Italian peninsula that led to the Roman idea of citizenship and how to bestow it. He questions the generosity of the Roman idea of citizenship. He states that it would certainly not be a model that would be used in modern times, but at the root of the Roman idea of citizenship, there are valid lessons learned from their example of citizenship.
Faulkner, Dr. Neil. "Romanisation: The Process of Becoming Roman." BBC News. Last Modified February 17, 2011. Accessed December 10, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/romanisation_article_01.shtml
This British Broadcasting Company’s (BBC) website. Dr. Neil Faulkner is an honorary lecturer at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London and details Romanization and how non-Romans could become Roman citizens. He discusses how and why people would choose to change their identity and become a Roman citizen, and what the Roman leadership accepted and expected from their citizens. He also mentions the limitations of Romanization as well as the ‘multicultural’ army. This source can be used to compare the United States’ “melting pot” migration of foreigners to the U.S., becoming citizens and ultimately achieving the ‘American dream’.
Hope, Dr. Valerie. "Social Pecking Order in the Roman World." BBC News. Last modified March 29, 2011. Accessed December 11, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/social_structure_01.shtml
Dr. Hope describes how the social order of Rome worked, including the rights of its citizens and social mobility. Society was fairly mobile in Rome, but birth determined everything. Legal status of citizens and the difference between citizens and non-citizens is explained well, with a discussion of how even the non-wealthy could attain some status and recognition among peers.
Johnson, Allan, Paul Coleman-Norton, and Frank Bourne. "The Avalon Project : The Twelve Tables." The Avalon Project : The Twelve Tables. Accessed February 12, 2014
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/twelve_tables.asp
A copy of the Twelve Tables of Roman Law, the first codified laws of the Roman Republic written shortly after its transition from an Etruscan dominated Kingdom to a free Republic. The Twelve Tables lay down precedents for as many possible cases as the Romans could think of at the time and set down how their city would operate. It was created to ease the tensions between the ruling Patricians and the lower class Plebeians. This copy is hosted on the Avalon Project website, which is an effort to record digitally all important legal, political, and other documents throughout history for preservation beyond their original documents longevity. Sadly, the Twelve Tables are very incomplete due to the fact the original tablets were likely destroyed when the Gauls under Brennus sacked the city of Rome in 387 B.C.
Leydet, Dominique, "Citizenship", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) last modified August 1, 2011. Accessed December 11, 2013 http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/citizenship/
A study of the definition of Citizenship. It includes a few viewpoints on what citizenship means today and in the past, and how groups have defined it. There are good discussions on the models of citizenship: Republican and Liberal. It does not include Roman or ancient ideas of citizenship and instead focuses on more modern history, back only a few centuries. Also included are how the ideas of citizenship may change with increasing globalization as well as the challenges of internal diversity.
Levin, Mark. "Citizenship Up for Grabs: The Supreme Court and Immigration | Center for Immigration Studies." Center for Immigration Studies. Accessed February 13, 2014. http://cis.org/CitizenshipSupremeCourt
This source is a web page describing how the Supreme Court has changed its own capacity involving citizenship and naturalization, from that of not involved at all to being completely in charge of those aspects of law. It also describes how the idea of who gets the final say in citizenship laws have changed over time, and other important details. It describes how the Supreme court took this responsibility from Congress over the years, and other responsibilities as well.
PBS. "The Roman Empire in the First Century." Social Order. Devillier Donegan Enterprises, 2006. Accessed December 11, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/slaves_freemen.html
A documentary aired by the Public Broadcasting System (PBS) on the Roman Empire in the First Century. Of particular interest on the website in the social order of the Romans including the rights and conditions of Slaves in Roman society. While not citizens, Slaves could become Freemen through Manumission. Freed slaves still held a significant social stigma, but over generations, Freed slaves could even become citizens, though that was rare. Also discussed are the rights of the patricians, plebeians, women, soldiers, equestrians and senators. Specifically the section on women’s rights in Rome is a good source in comparing United States vs. Roman citizenship rules for women and their evolution.
Posner, Eric. "The Constitution of the Roman Republic: A Political Economy Perspective ." University of Chicago Law School, 2010. Accessed December 11, 2013 http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/Posner.pdf
This is a paper written by Eric Posner about the development of the constitution of the Roman Republic. He discusses the Romans’ fear of executive power and the conflict between plebeians and patricians. He also talks about the political economy model of the Romans as well as including extensive information about how we understand the Roman Republic within the framework of modern society and governmental positions. It also includes citizens rights and the rights of other social groups within the Republic.
Smith, Roger M. "The Meaning of American Citizenship." Constitution: A Bicentennial Chronicle, Fall 1985 (published by Project ‘87C of the American Political Science Association and American Historical Association) Accessed December 10, 2013.
http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/americancitizenship.pdf
The is an article written by Professor Roger Smith and published in 1985. He describes the meaning of American citizenship throughout its history and how he thinks it should be thought of today. He discusses how political groups have seen citizenship and how they think it should be interpreted both today and in the past. He includes a discussion of the concepts of citizenship, the “liberal Republican” citizenship, the revival of Republican citizenship and Republican nativism. The discussion of “Blended” America and how American citizenship has meant different things to different people at different times is relevant to the comparison of the changing citizenship roles of the Roman empire.
Smith, William, Sir, ed. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (London: C. Little, and Brown, 1870) pg. 291-293, Accessed December 10, 2013. http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ACL4256.0001.001 .
A definition of the ancient Roman term ‘Civitas’ or ‘citizenship’. It was edited by Sir William Smith. The definition includes details of all levels of Roman citizenship and to whom it was given. Discusses Roman rights and citizenship before and after the Social War B.C. 90 and how definition of Roman citizenship has changed many times throughout history. This is a good source for a defining Roman Citizenship and covers multiple centuries and the changes in rights and responsibilities of citizens.
The Second Constitutional Convention. "The United States Constitution ." The United States Constitution. Accessed February 12, 2014. http://constitutionus.com/ and http://constitutionus.com/#billofrights
The United States Constitution is a great document to reference when dealing with American citizenship, as besides detailing the basic structure of our system of government, it gives the basic rights for all citizens of the united states, in both the original document and amendments. It tells how the United States will have separation of powers and a balance of power within government to protect the rights of people. It tells the government what each branch can or cannot do, and what rights are guaranteed to all people in the United States. It is not always followed, but it shows how America has changed over the years.
University of Washington. "Citizenship Timeline *." Citizenship Timeline *. Accessed February 14, 2014 http://content.lib.washington.edu/curriculumpackets/homesteaders/citizenshiptimeline.html
A timeline of events and laws that changed the concept of citizenship in America. It gives detail on every major event to happen and the year. It will serve as useful reference material for how American citizenship has been affected by events over time, and for all laws passed that changed citizenship as well. It accounts for everything from the Anarchist Expulsion Act to the Oriental Exclusion Act.
Worst, Janie. "Comparing Republics in Rome and the U.S.." Law Focused Education, Inc.. Accessed February 13, 2014. http://www.texaslre.org/lpFiles/102003_lp_highschool.pdf
A PDF file of a comparison of what sections of Roman society and government match the closest with what sections and articles of the American Constitution. It works well as a source to use to figure out where to look when comparing different aspects of Roman and American citizenship and government. While it is not the most detailed resource, it is useful for a reference to use while studying other sources.
A summary of the rights of Roman citizens, based on the Twelve Tables, an ancient legislation that framed the constitution of Rome. Works well as a source to collaborate details of other sources, but more of an outline, not going into extensive detail. Outlines both the public and private rights of Roman citizens. Roman rights heavily favor men and fathers and lists public rights including the right to vote and pay taxes as well as other areas of civilian rights.
Anderson, Mike. "Mike Anderson's Ancient History Blog." : Roman Republic – Model for the United States. January 25, 2012. Accessed December 12, 2013. http://www.mikeanderson.biz/2012/01/roman-republic-model-for-united-states.html
A summary detailing the similarities and differences between the Roman Republic and the United States’ government, and how the U.S. was based on Rome’s government. Mike Anderson argues that the Founding fathers were attracted to the Roman Republic model because there was no monarch. He discusses why the Founding fathers likely chose Rome above all ancient nations as a basis for their government, instead of choosing one from ancient Greece or elsewhere in the world.
Colonial Williamsburg. "iCitizenForum." Citizenship Timeline. Accessed February 13, 2014. http://icitizenforum.com/citizenship-timeline
Created by Colonial Williamsburg, this timeline of the world’s changes in the ideas of citizenship, economics, and government is an excellent quick way to see how its changed, and it includes major events that lead to important civilizations rising or falling. While not incredibly detailed in certain areas, it is excellent at quickly displaying how citizenship has changed over the centuries, from Ancient Rome to the Industrial Revolution and the modern day.
Coşkun, Altay. "How Generous were the Romans in Granting Citizenship?" UW Arts Lecture Series Cultural Encounters – Encountering Culture. Jan. 25, 2010. Accessed December 10, 2013. http://www.classics.uwaterloo.ca/labyrinth_old/issue%2091/Roman%20Citizenship-1.pdf
A shortened version of a contribution to a series of lectures, this one by Associate Professor Altay Coskun. It details the Roman ideas of how citizens were created and how they apply to modern times. Altay describes the situation in the Italian peninsula that led to the Roman idea of citizenship and how to bestow it. He questions the generosity of the Roman idea of citizenship. He states that it would certainly not be a model that would be used in modern times, but at the root of the Roman idea of citizenship, there are valid lessons learned from their example of citizenship.
Faulkner, Dr. Neil. "Romanisation: The Process of Becoming Roman." BBC News. Last Modified February 17, 2011. Accessed December 10, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/romanisation_article_01.shtml
This British Broadcasting Company’s (BBC) website. Dr. Neil Faulkner is an honorary lecturer at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London and details Romanization and how non-Romans could become Roman citizens. He discusses how and why people would choose to change their identity and become a Roman citizen, and what the Roman leadership accepted and expected from their citizens. He also mentions the limitations of Romanization as well as the ‘multicultural’ army. This source can be used to compare the United States’ “melting pot” migration of foreigners to the U.S., becoming citizens and ultimately achieving the ‘American dream’.
Hope, Dr. Valerie. "Social Pecking Order in the Roman World." BBC News. Last modified March 29, 2011. Accessed December 11, 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/social_structure_01.shtml
Dr. Hope describes how the social order of Rome worked, including the rights of its citizens and social mobility. Society was fairly mobile in Rome, but birth determined everything. Legal status of citizens and the difference between citizens and non-citizens is explained well, with a discussion of how even the non-wealthy could attain some status and recognition among peers.
Johnson, Allan, Paul Coleman-Norton, and Frank Bourne. "The Avalon Project : The Twelve Tables." The Avalon Project : The Twelve Tables. Accessed February 12, 2014
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/ancient/twelve_tables.asp
A copy of the Twelve Tables of Roman Law, the first codified laws of the Roman Republic written shortly after its transition from an Etruscan dominated Kingdom to a free Republic. The Twelve Tables lay down precedents for as many possible cases as the Romans could think of at the time and set down how their city would operate. It was created to ease the tensions between the ruling Patricians and the lower class Plebeians. This copy is hosted on the Avalon Project website, which is an effort to record digitally all important legal, political, and other documents throughout history for preservation beyond their original documents longevity. Sadly, the Twelve Tables are very incomplete due to the fact the original tablets were likely destroyed when the Gauls under Brennus sacked the city of Rome in 387 B.C.
Leydet, Dominique, "Citizenship", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) last modified August 1, 2011. Accessed December 11, 2013 http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/citizenship/
A study of the definition of Citizenship. It includes a few viewpoints on what citizenship means today and in the past, and how groups have defined it. There are good discussions on the models of citizenship: Republican and Liberal. It does not include Roman or ancient ideas of citizenship and instead focuses on more modern history, back only a few centuries. Also included are how the ideas of citizenship may change with increasing globalization as well as the challenges of internal diversity.
Levin, Mark. "Citizenship Up for Grabs: The Supreme Court and Immigration | Center for Immigration Studies." Center for Immigration Studies. Accessed February 13, 2014. http://cis.org/CitizenshipSupremeCourt
This source is a web page describing how the Supreme Court has changed its own capacity involving citizenship and naturalization, from that of not involved at all to being completely in charge of those aspects of law. It also describes how the idea of who gets the final say in citizenship laws have changed over time, and other important details. It describes how the Supreme court took this responsibility from Congress over the years, and other responsibilities as well.
PBS. "The Roman Empire in the First Century." Social Order. Devillier Donegan Enterprises, 2006. Accessed December 11, 2013. http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/slaves_freemen.html
A documentary aired by the Public Broadcasting System (PBS) on the Roman Empire in the First Century. Of particular interest on the website in the social order of the Romans including the rights and conditions of Slaves in Roman society. While not citizens, Slaves could become Freemen through Manumission. Freed slaves still held a significant social stigma, but over generations, Freed slaves could even become citizens, though that was rare. Also discussed are the rights of the patricians, plebeians, women, soldiers, equestrians and senators. Specifically the section on women’s rights in Rome is a good source in comparing United States vs. Roman citizenship rules for women and their evolution.
Posner, Eric. "The Constitution of the Roman Republic: A Political Economy Perspective ." University of Chicago Law School, 2010. Accessed December 11, 2013 http://www.law.uchicago.edu/files/file/Posner.pdf
This is a paper written by Eric Posner about the development of the constitution of the Roman Republic. He discusses the Romans’ fear of executive power and the conflict between plebeians and patricians. He also talks about the political economy model of the Romans as well as including extensive information about how we understand the Roman Republic within the framework of modern society and governmental positions. It also includes citizens rights and the rights of other social groups within the Republic.
Smith, Roger M. "The Meaning of American Citizenship." Constitution: A Bicentennial Chronicle, Fall 1985 (published by Project ‘87C of the American Political Science Association and American Historical Association) Accessed December 10, 2013.
http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/americancitizenship.pdf
The is an article written by Professor Roger Smith and published in 1985. He describes the meaning of American citizenship throughout its history and how he thinks it should be thought of today. He discusses how political groups have seen citizenship and how they think it should be interpreted both today and in the past. He includes a discussion of the concepts of citizenship, the “liberal Republican” citizenship, the revival of Republican citizenship and Republican nativism. The discussion of “Blended” America and how American citizenship has meant different things to different people at different times is relevant to the comparison of the changing citizenship roles of the Roman empire.
Smith, William, Sir, ed. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (London: C. Little, and Brown, 1870) pg. 291-293, Accessed December 10, 2013. http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ACL4256.0001.001 .
A definition of the ancient Roman term ‘Civitas’ or ‘citizenship’. It was edited by Sir William Smith. The definition includes details of all levels of Roman citizenship and to whom it was given. Discusses Roman rights and citizenship before and after the Social War B.C. 90 and how definition of Roman citizenship has changed many times throughout history. This is a good source for a defining Roman Citizenship and covers multiple centuries and the changes in rights and responsibilities of citizens.
The Second Constitutional Convention. "The United States Constitution ." The United States Constitution. Accessed February 12, 2014. http://constitutionus.com/ and http://constitutionus.com/#billofrights
The United States Constitution is a great document to reference when dealing with American citizenship, as besides detailing the basic structure of our system of government, it gives the basic rights for all citizens of the united states, in both the original document and amendments. It tells how the United States will have separation of powers and a balance of power within government to protect the rights of people. It tells the government what each branch can or cannot do, and what rights are guaranteed to all people in the United States. It is not always followed, but it shows how America has changed over the years.
University of Washington. "Citizenship Timeline *." Citizenship Timeline *. Accessed February 14, 2014 http://content.lib.washington.edu/curriculumpackets/homesteaders/citizenshiptimeline.html
A timeline of events and laws that changed the concept of citizenship in America. It gives detail on every major event to happen and the year. It will serve as useful reference material for how American citizenship has been affected by events over time, and for all laws passed that changed citizenship as well. It accounts for everything from the Anarchist Expulsion Act to the Oriental Exclusion Act.
Worst, Janie. "Comparing Republics in Rome and the U.S.." Law Focused Education, Inc.. Accessed February 13, 2014. http://www.texaslre.org/lpFiles/102003_lp_highschool.pdf
A PDF file of a comparison of what sections of Roman society and government match the closest with what sections and articles of the American Constitution. It works well as a source to use to figure out where to look when comparing different aspects of Roman and American citizenship and government. While it is not the most detailed resource, it is useful for a reference to use while studying other sources.